Economical-hubspot

 The wheel has turned full circle. Once India’s premier telecom R&D outfit, the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DoT), has tied up with the French telecom outfit Alcatel to develop “broadband wireless access systems”. The new venture, to be a “global research and development centre” is likely be christened AlcaDoT. The whole exercise is ironical, in more ways than one. C-DoT, when it came up in the late ’80s, was conceived with the aim of taking on the MNCs, who were the sole suppliers of telephone exchanges to India then. These MNCs often milked India as there was no local substitute and they could charge what they felt like. C-DoT changed all that. As Sam Pitroda utilised his friendship with Rajiv Gandhi to ensure political patronage, and coupled that with the redoubtable telecom mind of G B Meemamsi, things began to take shape, which shook the MNCs. Alcatel, which was the main supplier of telephone exchanges to India, and had a tie-up with ITI fo...

 A recent visitor to Shanghai came back impressed with the spanking new glass and steel visage of modernity. He also noticed the extent of computerisation and how IT was being used to improve efficiencies in the day to day functioning. Being a regular visitor to the country, he also noticed that most of the IT solutions continued to be in the local language, although English was creeping up too. The attempt is not to compare the IT industries of India and China, for such a comparison is hardly flattering. Except in software exports, where we have a reputation, in the rest of the areas that comprise IT – hardware, domestic software, telecommunications infrastructure, among others, we are pygmies. I am merely trying to re-emphasise the importance of using IT to improve efficiencies on the domestic front. IT is the most efficient tool to improve efficiencies, be it governance or corporate management. A report by the Centre for Media Studies, for example, had show...

 The Infosys chairman and I have something in common It was only the other day, while flipping through a magazine, that I realised that the founder of one of India’s most innovative corporates and I had something in common, apart from living in Bangalore. “Why can’t you learn from him?” has been the constant refrain at home ever since N R Narayana Murthy rightly became an icon after starting a company which, in the space of 25 years, has become a household name all over the world. The question of “Why can’t you learn from him?” has been reiterated with each magazine story on the simplicity of the guy who thinks nothing of picking up a broom to clean the toilet on a daily basis. I have been known to pick up a broom but that is only when there is a cockroach to be disposed of late in the night when there is no maid to do the needful. Magazine stories on how he queues up for his meals at the self-service office-canteen have evoked caustic comments on my habit of ...

  The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India has a former telecom hand, having been the Telecom Commission chairman earlier, He would soon realise the telecom world has undergone a change since his DoT days. More importantly, he followsl, who came minus any telecom experience, but with the blessings of the then communications minister, and left behind a considerable legacy. Of course, whether that legacy is good or bad is debatable, depending on which side of the fence you are on. And this (which side of the fence) issue is what has turned the regulator into a controversial body and controlling that would undoubtedly be the challenging part of new assignment. Speculation that his the chosen one to succeed  he had been doing the rounds for months. So much so that his appointment as the head of C-DoT-Alcatel venture, several months ago, was made precisely with this in mind. Apparently, for a person to be appointed Trai chairman, he must be holding som...

 mathematics for economics [Music] page one mathematics for economics contents module one real number system 1.1 natural and whole numbers 1.2 rational and irrational numbers 1.3 sets module 2 expressions and equations 2.1 variables and parameters 2.2 algebraic expressions module 3 linear equations in two variables 3.1 graph of linear equations in two variables 3.2 economic application of linear equation into variables module 4 slope of a straight line 4.1 slope of a straight line 4.2 economic application of slope of a straight line 4.3 relation between slope of a line and shape of its graph module 5 equation of a straight line [Music] 5.1 intercepts of a straight line 5.2 general form of equation of a straight line module 6 system of linear equations 6.1 solving for a system of linear equations 6.2 economic application of a system of linear equations 6.3 inequality conditions in expressions 6.4 economic applications of inequality condition in expressions module 7 functions of one ...

very good afternoon Of course a very warm welcome to all of you in this GDP I could tenth session on basics of Indian economy now I hope you are not studying very well you're over the tiredness of the exam seasons and you are ready to take on the next challenge that is Gd and PA why it's the basic concept behind these series of lectures is to give you a brief idea of what all is going around as far as Indian economy and certain political issues social issues are concerned so what you will be having are a series of six lectures and this is one all basics of Indian economy so I do hope that you have your pen and paper ready at hand I'll be scribbling down a lot of stuff giving you a lot of information beyond what is given in the presentation and the handouts that you will have so please make sure you have your pen and paper ready at hand also another thing as far as the handout of this particular presentation is concerned that those are available in your inbox article tab in ...

  The economic growth that a country and its people achieve over a period of time, is achieved at the cost of the environment. Environment is badly damaged because of various economic activities — industrial activities, mining activities, and infrastructure development, etc. Sustainable development is the need of the hour. It has the potential to address the challenges of the environment and also of the economy. All biotic and abiotic factors collectively constitute environment. All living organisms, such as animals, human beings, plants, birds, insects, and all other single cell and multi-cell organisms are biotic elements. All other non-living things, such as air, water, land, etc. are abiotic elements. Significance of Environment Environment plays a significant role in every aspect of life. The contributions of the environment are varied: It provides resources (both renewable and non-renewable resources). It has the capacity to assimilate wastes. It provides divers...

  Macroeconomics is a broader concept; it talks about the whole economics of the country. For example − Growth of GDP Total production of cereals in India Total export in 2014 Unemployment Inflation etc In the economy of a country, the output level of all the goods and services in the company have a tendency to move together. For example, if output of food grain is experiencing a growth, it is generally accompanied by a rise in the output level of industrial goods. The prices of different goods and services generally have a tendency to rise or fall simultaneously. We can also observe that the employment level in different production units also goes up or down together. Macroeconomics simplifies the analysis of how the country’s total production and level of employment are related to attributes (called ‘variables’) such as prices, rate of interest, wage rates, profits and so on. When these attributes start changing fast, like when prices are going up (in what is called ...

  Needs are the basic items required for human survival. And, goods and services are produced to satisfy those basic needs. Every individual in one or the other way is engaged in the production of goods and services. As resources are limited; therefore, allocation of the resources and the distribution of the final mix of goods and services are the basic economic problems of our society. The basic economic activities of our society are production, exchange, and consumptions of goods and services. If production does not meet the demand, it leads to scarcity . These problems can be solved either by a personal discussion with the individual (whose demands need to be fulfilled) as done in the market or by a planned approach initiated by the central authority, i.e., the government at the center. Types of Economy Based on the characteristics, an economy is divided into two types. They are − Centrally planned economy Market economy In a centrally planned economy , the governme...

  In the modern world, most of the economies are ‘ Open Economy ’ because of the three following reasons − Market Linkage − It means consumers and firms both have the opportunity to choose between domestic and foreign goods. Financial Market Linkage − It means investors have the opportunity to choose between domestic and foreign assets. Factor Market Linkage − It means firms can choose where to locate production and workers can choose where to work. Total foreign trade (i.e., exports + imports) as a proportion of GDP is a common measure of the degree of openness of an economy. Features of Open Economy Every country has its own currency and in the international market, there are hundreds of currencies with different values; hence, the International Monetary System has been set up to handle these issues and ensure stability in international transactions. The Balance of Payments (BoP) keep a record of the transactions in goods, services, and assets between residents of ...

  1991 was a landmark year in the history of Indian economy. There was a tectonic shift in the Indian economic policy (during this year). In 1991, India suffered great economic crisis, which was uncontrollable, the condition was worsening gradually; resultantly, the inflation of the prices of daily use commodities hit the people hard. As the foreign currency reserves went down, the balance of payment crisis was a major challenge for the country to deal with. The reason for this crisis was long standing decline in exports, since 1980. When we import some product (such as petroleum), we need to pay in dollars, which we earn through export of our products. On the other hand, government’s income was inadequate to address the issue; the revenue that the Government generated through taxation was inadequate. India borrowed a loan of $7 Billion from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), i.e., the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), on...

  All of us are consumers, as all of us go to the market and purchase products; this is irrespective of the fact that we buy salt for Rs. 20 or a smart television for Rs. 50,000. It is legal as well as moral duty of sellers to provide quality products to their consumers and, it is the right of the consumer to buy products of good quality. Various laws, rules, and regulations have been put into practice to protect consumer rights. Providing bad, tampered, adulterated, or duplicate product is a violation of consumer rights. This may lead to legal action and the seller/producer may have to pay a huge compensation amount. Consumer Movements The consumer movement in India as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity to protect and promote the interests of consumers against the unethical and unfair trade practices. This movement aims to fight bad practices such as − Rampant food shortages. Black marketing. Adulteration of food and edible oil. Hoarding, etc. The consume...